Should We Use A.D. or C.E.

The controversy over whether to use AD and BC (or A.D. and B.C.) or CE and BCE (C.E., B.C.E.) when referring to dates burns less brightly today than it did in the late 1990s when the divide was fresh. With some rather heated debate, authors, pundits, scholars, and literary style masters took one side over the other. Decades later, they remain split, but the consensus seems to be that the decision to use one or the other is a personal or organizational preference.  The same applies to the use of periods: use or dont use them, based on personal or organizational preference. The material controversy surrounded the implied religious connotations: CE and BCE are often used  by those of faiths and backgrounds who dont worship Jesus, or in contexts where it makes no sense to refer to Christianity—such as in historical research. AD and CE: The Birth of Jesus AD,  the abbreviation for the Latin Anno Domini and first used  in the 16th century, means in the year of Our Lord, referring to the founder of Christianity, Jesus of Nazareth. CE stands for Common Era or, rarely Christian Era. The word common simply means that it is based on the most frequently used calendar system, the Gregorian Calendar. Both take as their starting point the year when 4th-century Christian scholars believed Jesus Christ was born, designated as AD 1 or 1 CE. By the same token, BCE  stands for Before the Common Era,  (or Christian Era) and BC  means Before Christ.  Both measure the number of years before the approximate birthday of Jesus. The designation of a particular year in either set has identical values. In other words, today Jesus is believed to have been born somewhere between 4 and 7 BCE, which is equivalent to 4 and 7 BC. In usage, AD precedes the date, while CE follows the date, whereas both BC and BCE follow the date—so, AD 1492 but 1492 CE, and 1500 BC or 1500 BCE. William Safire at the Dawn of the Controversy At the height of the controversy in the late 1990s, American journalist William Safire (1929–2009), a longtime  writer for the On Language column in The  New York Times Magazine, polled his readers about their preference:  Should it be B.C./A.D. or B.C.E/C.E., in deference to Muslims, Jews and other non-Christians? Disagreement was sharp, he said. American Yale  professor and literary critic Harold Bloom  (born 1930) said: Every scholar I know uses B.C.E. and shuns A.D. American lawyer and founder of Kol HaNeshamah: The Center for Jewish Life and Enrichment Adena K. Berkowitz, who, in her application to practice before the Supreme Court was asked if she preferred in the year of Our Lord on the certificates date, chose to omit it. Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designations—B.C.E. and C.E.—cast a wider net of inclusion, if I may be so politically correct, she told Safire. By nearly 2 to 1, other scholars and some members of the clergy who responded to Safire agreed with Bloom and Berkowitz. As to everyday citizens, opinions were sharply divided. David Steinberg of Alexandria, Virginia, said he found  BCE a strained innovation requiring an explanation in most of America.  Khosrow Foroughi of Cranbury, New Jersey, spoke of calendars:  Jews and Muslims have their own calendars. Muslims have a lunar calendar reckoned from A.D. 622, the day after the Hegira, or flight of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. The Jewish calendar is also a lunar one and is the official calendar of the State of Israel...The Christian or Gregorian calendar has become the second calendar in most non-Christian countries, and as this is the Christian calendar, I cannot see why before Christ and in the year of Our Lord would be objectionable. On the contrary, said John Esposito of Georgetown, a leading student of Islam: Before the Common Era is always more acceptable. Safire himself decided to stick with BC; because Christ, in American usage, refers directly to Jesus of Nazareth as if it were his last name and not a title conferring Messiah-hood, but he chose to not use A.D. Dropping any notation at all for years in the common era, Safire said: Dominus means lord, and when the lord referred to is Jesus, not God, a religious statement is made. Thus, the year of Our Lord invites the query Whose lord? and were in an argument we dont need. Style Guides on Religious Neutrality The choice may be up to you and your style guide. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (published in 2017) suggests that the choice is up to the writer and should be flagged only if the customs of a specific field or community are being violated: Many authors use BC and AD because they are familiar and conventionally understood. Those who want to avoid reference to Christianity are free to do so. In terms of secular journalism, the 2019 version of the Associated Press Stylebook uses B.C. and A.D. (using the periods); as does the fourth edition of the UPI Style Guide, published in 2004. The use of BC and BCE is commonly found in articles concerning academic and lay historical research—including ThoughtCo.com—but not exclusively. Despite rumors to the contrary, the entire BBC has not dropped the use of AD/BC, but its Religion Ethics department, which prides itself on providing religion-neutral stories, has:   As the BBC is committed to impartiality, it is appropriate that we use terms that do not offend or alienate non-Christians. In line with modern practice, B.C.E./C.E. (Before Common Era/Common Era) are used as a religiously neutral alternative to B.C./A.D. -Edited by Carly Silver Sources Curtis, Polly. Reality check: has the BBC dropped the terms BC/AD? The Guardian, September 26, 2011.  Ã‚  Hastings, Chris. BBC turns its back on year of Our Lord: 2,000 years of Christianity jettisoned for politically correct Common Era. Daily Mail, September 24, 2011.  9.34: Eras. Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition. University of Chicago Press, 2017.  UPI Stylebook Guide To Newswriting, 4th edition. UPI, 2004.  Safire, William. B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.? The New York Times, August 17, 1997.  The Associated Press Stylebook 2019: and Briefing on Media Law. Associated Press, 2019.

Childhood Abuse A Child s Intellectual Growth And The...

Introduction Early child abuse poses threats on a child’s intellectual growth and the potential of developing psychiatric disorders such as eating disorders later on within adolescent stages. Eating disorders affect up to 24 million Americans and 70 million people worldwide. 1 in 5 women struggle with an eating disorder or disordered eating. It is estimated that 90% of those who have eating disorders are women between the ages of 12 and 25. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible associations between early childhood abuse which includes, physical, emotional, sexual, verbal and psychological abuse and it’s association within adolescents who suffer from various†¦show more content†¦All 12 articles that will be further discussed are all peer reviewed and pertain closely to the topic of childhood abuse and eating disorders. In a research study conducted by Neumark-Sztainer , Mary Story, Peter J. Hanna, Trish Beuring and Michael D. Resnick ( 1999), It was noted that questions pertained to first, whether or not individuals who experienced abuse are at higher risk for disordered eating than others who have not experienced abuse and if so, whether the increased risk was due to the experienced abuse or to the overall disturbances in family dynamics and second, the level of risk in developing a disordered eating that other types of abuse may have among adolescents (Neumark- Sztainer et al., 1999) The study population included a representative sample of 9,943 Connecticut public school students in grades 7, 9, 11 who participated in a state-wide anonymous survey of adolescent health from 1995-1996. It was a 225-item comprehensive assessment of adolescent health, health behaviours, and associated risk and protective factors. After data collection, the analysis of the data was done separately for boys and girls. Sexual abuse was strongly associated with disordered eating among both girls and boys. More Boys than girls who experienced sexual abuse reported disordered eating. Physical abuse was also strongly associated with disordered eating

Oral History Documentaries Free Essays

string(44) " people into the modern society \(Shipek\)\." Oral History Documentaries are Human Traditions, how man live and what he believes. In essence it transcribes what is in man, his dignity as a human person and his continues search of himself. These human traditions are written in autobiographies or in memories or diaries and journals. We will write a custom essay sample on Oral History Documentaries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes re-echoed in ideologies (patterns of our beliefs and practices in a human society) by our memories. As Marcovici sited that our remembrance (memory as part of ideology that has a power in relation to what society we reproduce) prevails our deduction of the past over the present. In the acts of meanings it includes all experiences in a world of meanings, images, social bonds, what man would like to become and what he is afraid to become. It is important that we understand the past so we could act on moral choices about our present. Oral history is also all our personal histories into a larger collective histories. With the abounding technologies found in the internet, oral history finds in a new form in digital story telling. Facts in which have been encoded in the most ordinary and common places. Oral histories bring to our sense of the present of man’s dominion over greed and forces of nature: Below is what oral histories bring to our sense of our present world in terms of man dominion over greed in the documentaries At the River I Stand. It tells about a dramatic climax of the Civil Rights movement, a local labor dispute that became a national issue and the reason behind the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at Memphis in 1968. â€Å"I am a man† is more than an ideology it is a fact and a simple but venerable truth. And because I am a man, a rational creature, I cannot be taken as a second class citizen. The 1,300 African American sanitation exploited workers (works to collect garbage) demands for a full exclusion in American life. AFSCME leadership march a 65 day strike. This excellent film is a 58 minute documentary which will inspire the viewers to free themselves of any racial and economic injustice. Just by observing the profound determination of this ordinary people as formed by a racist society as the lowest caste of human beings (David Appleby) one would be able to understand the simple basic need of man which is respect despite the world of greed. This oral history also inspired James Cleveland in his unforgettable quotes â€Å"one more river to cross before I lay my burden down†. This memory happens in Memphis in the most ordinary places and days. The commonplace called street but coincided with the action that hoped to rebuke the future of economic injustice because of the greediness of few due to prejudices and racism. The person who seems to be frivolous and trivial marked their way to civil rights movement, as they raise their placards with these simple words â€Å"I am a man†. A word that is in the past but is still as true as the present and contains the hopes for the future. As simple as what a jazz musician R. Roland Kirk that every time he plays his saxophone in a concert he always began by saying that this is not just a sideshow (it is more than that). His music should penetrate into his white American audience and in his tune deliberately re-echoes the inequality of men due to racial discrimination, an injustice and inequities that still plaques our society. (Basso) History in American Age of Popular Culture makes us understand the past so we could ponder the moral issues about the or rather our choices in the present. It is one way of collecting our personal histories into a larger collective history. History takes place in a certain location because a place is the first of all existence. One cannot exist without a place. However there are places that stink with stinginess and greed. Wisdom in places is a common place but it is where history takes a place in the realm of this world. According to the autobiography of Delfina Cuero an Indian who had lived in Mission Viejo since her childhood years that Indians had to move from place to place to hunt or when the white men comes. In her narrative with the places and plants and things that they ate probed the authenticity of her claim that they were the first settlers in San Diego, California. Though the mountains were cut and the old trees where they built their houses with â€Å"tamu† a kind of reed, she could still recall the places and events that had taken place. Her vivid memory made it easy for the author Florence Connoly Shipek to write her life story. In the introduction the author made in known that the work is to research for the Mission Indian Claims. However, none in the reservation villages can be found a single surviving coastal Indians. The threefold division of the first settlers makes it difficult to locate search. Upon hearing Delfina’s story it was discovered that in 1900 to 1910 Dieggueà ±os (Spanish term for Kumeya’y people) Indians (means those who are attached to the San Diego Mission) had lived in Mission Valley and in various places around San Diego wherein it is now called 13th and 17th around K Street. The anthropological study is to find out the authenticity of the life of Delfina of which the later was able to prove without hesitation and malice. As the story goes we learned that they are poor, most of the time hungry but cheerful catholic people. Despite of the lack of written record the study paved its way through the way the Indians lived during those years. The narrative life of Delfina shows the destruction of Indian self sufficiency on the land, the lost of the Indian society, culture and religion. It also narrates the very slow pace of integration of this people into the modern society (Shipek). You read "Oral History Documentaries" in category "Papers" Delfina’s story will always be looked upon. The success of the work promises a good life for the Digueà ±os children or next the generation of these Indians to come. Oral histories bring to our sense of the present of man’s dominion over forces of nature: A documentary film by Spike Lee an African American director – When the Levees Broke: A requiem in Four Acts: Is a heart-rending story of those who survived the devastating ordeal of the destruction of New Orleans. The film also looks at a city that has triumphed over its ordeal because of the resilience of its community, surviving death and amidst the ruins they find strength. A sign of the New Orleaneans rich cultural legacy. The spirit of new Orleaneans says Lee is indomitable – these people are accustomed to hardships, they are fighting for their lives. Again man was put to test: Man as always have dominion over the forces of nature. They will never disappear in this planet. Oral history from different interview cleared out that the reason why the city is 80 percent underwater is not because of the hurricane Katrina but it was the breach on the embankment of the river. Lee also mentioned the U. S. government sluggish response to the problem of the poor African American citizen. His identity again in his sense of place re-echoed inequality among men. His resilience was deeply rooted on earth and in his consciousness that it is his instinct to survive no matter what. Man therefore is still the master of the created world. Lee incorporates in his film a musical culture that is only driven by pure passion and honesty. Their identity has persisted. Their voices and songs are strong and firm. The heart of the marvelous film is centered on the president of the most powerful country indifference and oversight in relation to the destruction of New Orleans compared to catastrophic war in other countries. It explored the real attitude of the rich towards the poor of the world and the depth of its neglect. The film shows the damning picture of Bush’s America in relation to a state in calamity which is only skin deep concern. An act which shows indifference not to the race but to the socio economic state of a person. The film also portrays the lost culture of its people. The title of the film connotes the fact that it is not the hurricane that devastated New Orleans: a When the Levees Broke documentary re-affirms the cause of the catastrophe that happens to this American Africans, poor of the most powerful country of the world. It is not the hurricane that destroys New Orleans, But, the real cause was the breach of the embankment of the river. The most difficult part of the film making is asking people questions about the incidence because these are the same people who have lost a home or a love one. However, it is Lee’s job or duty to ask those difficult questions. A question that stirs up feelings and make people break down (Lee). Although the intention is to have people talk about how it can make changes in their own perspective about life. The outrage for the 45 million African-Americans of these Euopean journalists jumps on Lee as if he was the spokesperson of this neglected community which is being treated by the almighty U. S. A. as a third world country. It was the time that the film director of this story decided to do it. Never did the federal government neglected its own citizen who needed help. Lee even criticized when a horrific earthquake hits Indonesia, and in two days the US government was there. Asking the question did you see the distance between Indonesia and the New Orleans? Only one fourth of the population is there. The New Orleans black citizens were dispersed in other 46 states, they wish to come home and work but there got to be no place for them. These poor Americans loose their home to a seemingly a natural disaster. It is hoped that the oral history documentary will remind the U. S. that New Orleaneans is not over with the plight. They in fact need help. The film will also determine the pros and cons over what happened to New Orleans as a definitive moment to the history of America. It is hoped that the film will be and elegy for the lost culture of the inhabitants of New Orleans real state in relation to the calamity and may give an impressive importance of our new century (Fraser and ). A life story is an oral unit of social interaction (Linde). These are coming from interviews and can be written as autobiographies. A biography ends till the end of someone else life. A biographer looks for younger self and an ideological conversion after the passage of many years. He accounts for the difference of the subject and the writer and claim he have the whole stories. It also tells the importance of the subject. The 9/11 attacks on the WTO and Pentagon cancelled all major networks to provide continuous coverage of the event (Caughy). However, the news agenda was only on the subject that is asked to be focused. We are today in the digital knowledge, a capability of sending digitally coded information. Intranets were linked to cheap regulated public telephones that kept labor rates low. Net users acted to break down barriers which made it possible for the massive sharing of files like the World Wide Web. Community based nets provide access to the public to which many international and non-governments institutions links their networks. Digital Story telling has truly taken its ground in the Internet. Cyberactivism changes the course of history in a way it disseminate knowledge and stories. Conclusion and reflection of consequences of Digital Story Telling to Oral History Documentaries: Story telling is a very intimate gesture of intimacy, one listens and the other gives confidence to the recipient. Oral histories based on traditional documentaries are facts based on the actual experiences of man. The consequence of digital story telling to oral history is the easy access and immediate control of the written facts of the documents. If not properly controlled could lead readers and listeners into error. The sense of documentaries in our life is to use this knowledge as a tool in order to know where we lead. Past experiences is needed in order to open the gates of tomorrow and make the present a life worth living. Man’s constancy to change needs a journal of his life in order not to get lost. Loosing a culture is loosing oneself. The rich experience of human history is the sublime reality of his existence. Though oral history documentary is sown with facts, digital story telling though there is a relative cyber activism may lead truth to some manipulations which may cloud the truths and could give information which is only beneficial to a few. Man’s history always underlines who are the strong and the weak. Though both are man, the least becomes a lesser being in terms of his presence in a civil society. It is the mighty that continuous to flourish. In this world of indifference history reflects the downfall of the greedy as if someone, stronger than nature dictates the course of history for the whole humankind. In some way, our life story though we may have choices is or was predestined. How to cite Oral History Documentaries, Papers

Galileo Probe Essay Example For Students

Galileo Probe Essay After a six year journey through the solar system and being inexorably accelerated to a speed of 170,700 km/hour by Jupiters tremendous gravitational pull, the Galileo Probe successfully entered Jupiters atmosphere on 12/7/95. During the first two minutes of this most difficult atmospheric entry ever attempted, near-probe temperatures twice as hot as the Suns surface and deceleration forces as great as 230 times the acceleration of gravity at Earths surface were produced as the spacecraft was slowed down by Jupiters atmosphere. The Galileo Probe and Orbiter separated on July 13, 1995 and both arrived at Jupiter on slightly different trajectories. The Galileo Orbiter successfully became the first spacecraft to enter an orbit around Jupiter a few hours after the probes successful descent into the atmosphere. The Probe apparently entered a rather special location on a quite non-uniform world. Ground-based telescopic observations were undertaken to determine the appearance of the Galileo Probe entry site (6.5 degrees North Latitude, 4.5 degrees West Longitude) at the time of entry and to determine the variability of this location on the planet. An important goal of these observations was to place the Galileo Probe results in the context of Jupiter as a whole. The Probe entered Jupiter near the edge of a so-called infrared hot spot believed to be a region of reduced clouds. New Data Suggest Galileo Probe Found a Jovian Dry Spot Amid Wetter Whereabouts. Jupiter has wet and dry regions, according to the latest images from NASAs Galileo spacecraft, and the discovery may explain why the Galileo Probe found less water than expected when it dropped into the Jovian atmosphere on Dec. 7, 1995. The Probe, Built by Hughes Space and Communications Company, survived for almost an hour in Jupiters hosti le atmosphere, as it relayed data to the Galileo Orbiter more than 130,000 miles overhead. The latest data from the Galileo Orbiter also shed new light on the auroras that glow in a narrow ring around the poles of Jupiter. Auroral arc on Jupiter is thin and patchy, and its altitude is between 300 and 600 kilometers (186 and 372 miles). Jupiters AtmosphereThe cloud materials are only minor constituents of a much more extensive atmosphere of clear gas. The gas is mostly hydrogen and helium, whereas the clouds condense from ammonia, water vapor, and other minor compounds. Jupiters atmospheric composition is about four-fifths hydrogen and one-fifth helium by mass. The hydrogen and helium are thought to be a fossil atmosphere of the gas that surrounded all the planets as they formed. Infrared radiation reveals Jupiters temperature in the upper atmosphere to be very cold because of the planets great distance from the Sun about 133 K (-220 degrees F), on both the sunlit and nighttime sides. At a lower level, the poisonous clouds are warmer. Gaps in the clouds have revealed still lower haze layers with even higher temperatures of around 250 K (-9 degrees F). The lower regions may resemble the hydrogen-compound-rich primordial atmosphere of earth when terrestrial life originated. A recent model of Jupiters atmosphere call s for temperatures similar to those at Earths surface at a level of about 60 km below the Jovian cloud tops, where the pressure would be about 10 times Earths surface pressure. Such conditions might be hospitable to primitive life, but most scientists doubt that any life forms exist on Jupiter. Future space probes to Jupiter may clarify this. IOs pictures from the main SpacecraftIo can be classified as one of the most unusual moons in our solar system. Active volcanism on Io was the greatest unexpected discovery at Jupiter. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the solar system. Plumes from the volcanoes extend to more than 300 kilometers (190 miles) above the surface, with material being ejected at speeds up to a kilometer (.6 miles) per second. .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .postImageUrl , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:hover , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:visited , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:active { border:0!important; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:active , .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue413169abf300ab64f74ea030de2103a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John kerry EssayIos volcanoes are apparently due to heating of the satellite by tidal pumping. Io is perturbed in its orbit by Europa and Ganymede, two other large satellites nearby, then pulled back again into its regular orbit by Jupiter. This tug-of-war results in tidal bulging as great as 100 meters (330 feet) on Ios surface. Io is composed primarily of rocky material with very little iron. Io is located within an intense radiation belt of electrons and ions trapped in Jupiters magnetic field. As the magnetosphere rotates with Jupiter, it sweeps past Io and strips away about 1,000 kilograms (1 ton) of material per second. The material forms a torus, a doughnut shaped cloud of ions that glow in the ultraviolet. The toruss heavy ions migrate outward, and their pressure inflates the Jovian magnetosphere to more than twice its expected size. Some of the more energetic sulphur and oxygen ions fall along the magnetic field into the planets atmosphere, resulting in auroras. B.Cassini ProbeCassini scientists have been busy planning what science they will do when they get near Saturn. Perhaps Cassini will discover new moons of Saturn, or a strange magnetic field anomaly that deserves further study. However, there are all sorts of opportunities for Cassini. Cassini could go into orbit around Saturns largest moon. Titan, or even use its gravity assist to escape Saturn altogether. It may even be possible for Cassini to go to another planet or visit an asteroid (though its likely that this would take many years to do ). However, the Saturn system is interesting enough and may even have some mission surprises. After the probe is released in early November, the orbited performs a propulsive maneuver to target for the flyby and delay its arrival to Titan so that it can have the proper geometry to view the probe descent region. During the probe mission, the orbited will fly above Titan and listen with its High Gain Antenna (HGA) for data transmitted by the probe. This data must be first stored on the orbiters Solid State Recorder before it can be downlinked to Earth later. The project has a number of strategies, including downlinking the problem data multiple times, to ensure that the probe data gets to Earth with no problems. As the Huygens probe breaks through the cloud deck, a camera will capture pictures of the Titan panorama. Other instruments will directly measure the organic chemistry in Titans atmosphereproviding the equivalent of a time machine to examine the chemistry of the early Earth. Instruments will also be used to study properties of Titans surface remotely, and perhaps even directly after landing on the surface. After the probe mission is completed, the spacecraft will turn the HGA to Earth and begin transmitting the recorded probe data. The data will even be transmitted twice and be verified on the ground before it can be overwritten on the data recorders. Once the data is verified, the probe mission is considered to be complete. Many scientists theorize that Titan may be covered by lakes or oceans of methane or ethane. This remains a mystery; the laws of thermodynamics say such oceans should exist, while radar studies conducted from Earth have turned up no evidence of them. Theories from the study of tidal motions suggest that Titan should either be covered by all oceans or all land, but nothing in between. The resolution of this puzzle is up to Cassini.

The Nature of the Distinct Contributions Made by Government, Media Owners, and Journalists to Canadas Media Environment

Introduction The government, media owners and journalists play a very vital role in ensuring smooth running and existence of a specific environment in the media industry. Each of them plays specific roles that go hand in hand for the proper coordination of the industry.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Nature of the Distinct Contributions Made by Government, Media Owners, and Journalists to Canada’s Media Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will look into each stakeholder roles played by each of the three in the creation of the media environment that is found in Canada today. First and foremost I will start with the introduction of cultural industries and explain the different techniques that the government Canada tends to employ in justifying their policy and instruments of regulation. The cultural media industries comprise music recording, book publishing, and cinema, publishi ng news paper and occasionally publishing magazines. The cultural industries also comprise of the new media. New media are inclusive of blog, websites, production of audio visual and exchange. The policies for the cultural industries in Canada started back in early 1950s together with the Massey Commission report. The development of policies started in 1970s. The cultural policies had four rationales identified as development of culture, service to the public, democratic participation, and market failure. The specific rationales of the industry were among the reasons that attracted government support. The government invested and offered significant incentives for televising local (Canadian) productions video and film. The regulation of the Canadian content has been an effective policy instrument in sound recording. Cultural, structural and industrial support measures have instituted a vibrant sector for publishing books. Control of ownership through Income Tax Act together with prov isions to split-run editions in publication of magazines has remained effective until today. The main concerns for the cultural industries are ownership and control of the system o distribution.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is well documented that movie theatres exclusively show U.S. movies in the film industry. U.S. materials dominate in magazine racks, record stores and book stores. Dominance by Canada is only evident with respect to newspapers. This has been possible due to the ownership provisions in Canada which are found in section 19 of the Income Tax Act. This section became ineffective in 1999, in the aftermath of Bill C-55. Cultural industries have also had a problem when it comes to financing. Therefore, subsidy programs sponsored by the government are needed in almost every field. Day after another, cultural industries in Canada is increasingly being accepted within and outside Canada. The big debate on whether government funds should assist cultural industries, and on what ground appears to have abated. This may be just for a short while since in the event that the Harper conservatives win a second term in office the debate may be revived again. The supporting of cultural industries has become more problematic due to participation by Canada in international trade agreements. There has been demand for greater access in Canada’s cultural markets by the U.S. beyond its already dominant position. The result of this is threatening of the future of cultural industries of Canada. The Cultural Industries Sectoral Advisory Group on International Trade advised Canada to negotiate an international instrument to address the diversity of culture in 1999. Media ownership in Canada is both publicly and privately owned. These altogether thrive in a mixed economy. Free market economics can not exclusively manage any media industry in Ca nada. Even the publication of the newspaper, which comes nearest to an exclusively private industry, is subject to the regulations of federal ownership. These regulations have the main purpose of protecting the newspapers from foreign competition and takeover. Demands of the market place face each media company in Canada. This is inclusive of even CBC which is owned by the public which pays attention to ratings and advertising revenues.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Nature of the Distinct Contributions Made by Government, Media Owners, and Journalists to Canada’s Media Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to maintain a vibrant market place, we expect media market that is inclusive of both diversity of content and choice of outlets. All these have their roots from the ownership. Media owners choose the information that they want the audience to get. One of the major concerns reg arding the media is that a small number of owners may provide a limited choice in terms of where consumers can get information. This is because mass media production is majorly a business and measures of a successful business differ from those of a successful democracy. This simple means the interests of the media owners may not rhyme with the interest of the consumers. The best known example from Canada of how large media houses can serve interests of the business while at the same time violate interests of the public is the â€Å"Black Tuesday,† of 27th August, 1980. This happened when a competitive trade-off was made between two leading chain newspaper owners at that time i.e. Thomson and Southam. Southern closed â€Å"Winnipeg† which was its Tribune newspaper. This gave â€Å"Winnipeg Free Press† which was under the ownership of Thomson a monopoly in the city. On the other hand, Thomson closed its â€Å"Ottawa Journal† which left the â€Å"Ottawa Cit izen† which was under the ownership of Southam as the sole newspaper in the capital. These actions led to a major review of mass media by the Government of Canada in 1980. This was characterized by the formation of the Kent Commission (the Royal Commission on Newspapers). Media owners also determine the content found in the media. Many media owners do have strong political opinions that they present in their news outlets. This may reflect specific biases of the media owners which may in turn affect the type of content evident in coverage of several issues. Media play an important role in formation of opinions, attitudes, beliefs and values in the community.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been a debate on the level to which media influence behaviour and opinion. The general accepted view is that free and diverse media are an important part of good democracy. This is because of the ability of the media to convey the opinions of the people who then choose their political leaders. Although many people believe that much of the media coverage on political issues only reinforces the previous values, beliefs and political views, it is crystal clear that media coverage can affect the formation of opinions and assessment of political phenomenon. This brings in the importance of understanding the factors that influence media content. In the case where content of media influence opinions and assessment of issues, and these assessments and opinions then go on to influence the components of political behaviour such as salience of certain policy issues or the choice to vote for a given party. Therefore the responsibility of the media in a democratic process is to inform and not to direct. If the media offers direction, and then it should not be biased but rather provide a variety of voices to achieve balance since greater choice means more diverse content. Most media houses espouse right wing values in talk shows and commentary. These values carry across media networks not simply on isolated shows or stations. There are people who argue that journalists tend to be more liberal than the public and this leads to left-wing slant in coverage of issues by the media. Journalists play the role of producing the content of the media. Content producers are the heart of the media enterprise. The manufacture of the content that we hear on our radios; see in our books, newspapers, and magazines; and see on our computers, cinema screens and televisions is done by journalists, television producers, radio hosts, film editors and magazine photographers. These have broad job descriptions and work environments. The images we see and the stories whether factual or fic tional are constructed and never naturally presented. The construction process comprises a series of choices about which stories to present and how to present them. This happens both when journalists attempt to make the reality accurate and when they are trying to stress on a particular point of view or style of presentation. All in all, no story is a complete story and no picture is complete. This section will look at journalism as a process of producing content and look into a broader perspective of who the Canadian journalists are and the contexts of their work in influencing the media environment in Canada. Journalism as a form of story telling is based on the real people and events. But the reality as is always implied, the journalists instead frame reality, choosing specific occurrences, people and particular aspects of a story as worthy to make news while leaving others stories. Journalists share some of the characteristics of other types of storytellers but they are distingu ished by features such as their guiding principles of seeking for truth, objectivity and independence; the legal and ethical rights and responsibilities of practice in an environment of free-press; and the context of news production in an institution. Although one of the linchpins of news reporting is freedom of press, this does not imply that journalists are at liberty to report whatever they like or that news organizations can practice impunity through publishing and broadcasting. Such constraints as privacy and libel keep journalists in line with accepted standards of integrity. Given the nature of news production which is selective it is crucial to know the origin of the news report. Canadian journalists do not represent the population at large. They are mostly young, male, white, and well educated and they mostly work for commercial news organizations with large corporate owners. These factors influence both what and how the news is reported as well as what may not be reported. The above discussion has outlined broad roles with regard to media regulation, ownership and news production in Canada. The Canadian media environment has continued to experience the impact of the significant transformation that has occurred in the recent years. Key stakeholders have been reshaped due to a series of new acquisitions and mergers that have taken place in this century. This has initiated moves to democratize media to take two forms; media reform and alternative media. These seek to establish ways to diversify and make the media organizations that are in existence more accountable and the establishment of new independent media outlets specifically to serve defined communities respectively. This accountability will be depicted in the way the three organs of the media will operate and ultimately, they should serve the citizens of the Canadian government with an insight into the country’s state of affairs Reference Lorimer, Gasher, M. Skinner, D. (2008.) Mass comm unication in Canada.6th Ed. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press This term paper on The Nature of the Distinct Contributions Made by Government, Media Owners, and Journalists to Canada’s Media Environment was written and submitted by user Cadence Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Charles Eastman

A huge part of Indian culture has always been their knack for oral tradition. It what creates a link between the past civilizations and the current one, making all cultures link together through the use of stories and events that went on? Oral tradition is scene in the book From the Deep Woods to Civilization. In this book, Charles A. Eastman, tells his autobiographical story of his life to the readers. Telling us about his story shares a bit of his culture with us, and the life he has lead. But this book touches on many aspects that typically Indian. A matter of fact, he stood at a point where he even battled his own Identity. This is common theme we encounter in our course. Eastman is constantly finding himself a book of contradictions. Contradicting his feelings towards all the cultures he encounters through his journey through life. Perhaps Eastman wouldn’t have found himself so confused if it weren’t for his family and their opposing views against each other. His family relationship represents a lot of confusion. His grandmother had raised Eastman because everyone had thought his father had passed away. One day, it was discovered that Eastman’s father never died and he returned back to the tribe. While talking with his son one day, he tells him how he has seen the world and thinks it would be a good idea for his son to leave the tribe and do the same. Eastman’s grandmother holds an opposing views. She thought it was important for him to stay and help their own tribe. I find that the white man has a well-grounded religion, and teachers his children the same virtues that our people taught theirs... I think the way of the white man is better than ours, because he’s able to preserve on paper the things he does not want to forget. He records everything- the sayings of his wise men, the laws enacted by his counselor. At the same time, Eastman’s grandmother did not like the idea of venturing out into the world, ... Free Essays on Charles Eastman Free Essays on Charles Eastman A huge part of Indian culture has always been their knack for oral tradition. It what creates a link between the past civilizations and the current one, making all cultures link together through the use of stories and events that went on? Oral tradition is scene in the book From the Deep Woods to Civilization. In this book, Charles A. Eastman, tells his autobiographical story of his life to the readers. Telling us about his story shares a bit of his culture with us, and the life he has lead. But this book touches on many aspects that typically Indian. A matter of fact, he stood at a point where he even battled his own Identity. This is common theme we encounter in our course. Eastman is constantly finding himself a book of contradictions. Contradicting his feelings towards all the cultures he encounters through his journey through life. Perhaps Eastman wouldn’t have found himself so confused if it weren’t for his family and their opposing views against each other. His family relationship represents a lot of confusion. His grandmother had raised Eastman because everyone had thought his father had passed away. One day, it was discovered that Eastman’s father never died and he returned back to the tribe. While talking with his son one day, he tells him how he has seen the world and thinks it would be a good idea for his son to leave the tribe and do the same. Eastman’s grandmother holds an opposing views. She thought it was important for him to stay and help their own tribe. I find that the white man has a well-grounded religion, and teachers his children the same virtues that our people taught theirs... I think the way of the white man is better than ours, because he’s able to preserve on paper the things he does not want to forget. He records everything- the sayings of his wise men, the laws enacted by his counselor. At the same time, Eastman’s grandmother did not like the idea of venturing out into the world, ...

Jamie Turner Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jamie Turner - Assignment Example At present, Jamie is feeling the emotional affects of the attacks that Cardullo and the people who work for him like Julie chin are aiming at him. Subtle kinds of sabotage, unfortunately, are quit common in all organizations when new corporate heads are appointed to oversee large divisions. The new candidate, though, ought to remain emotionally mature while navigating the ‘landmines’ that those who are envious of him place in his path. Jamie educational accomplishments, along with his experience, mean that wherever he goes, he is likely to be offered senior positions. This means that he may encounter envy from less accomplished executives wherever he goes. He might as well choose to make the best of his current position at MLI because this is a problem that he will encounter even if he chooses to go to another company. Jamie Turner should also learn to assert his authority and stand up to people like Cardullo even at the cost of endangering his job. Cardullo is not likely to stop subtly seeking to sabotage Jamie even if Jamie emphasizes on obeying his every law. If a stand-off that requires the intervention of more senior managers like Arthur Lipsky occurs, Jamie’s abilities and accomplishments will speak for him and put him in a good stead. It is also unlikely that Cardullo’s seniors have not recognized his tendency to try and impair the contributions as well as projects of people that he appoints- particularly if they appear to have more skill than he does. 2. Using the "Coaching the Alpha Male", "Courage to Confront", and "Fear of Feedback" readings as well as others we have discussed in this course as a guide, how you advise Jamie Turner to deal with the relationships he is experiencing in the workplace? Be specific to demonstrate that you have identified the interpersonal issues and provide a strategy for him to effectively